NAME

Devel::LeakGuard::Object - Scoped checks for object leaks

VERSION

This document describes Devel::LeakGuard::Object version 0.08

SYNOPSIS

  # Track a single object
  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object;
  my $obj = Foo::Bar->new;
  Devel::LeakGuard::Object::track($obj);

  # Track every object
  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( GLOBAL_bless );

  # Track every object, summary at exit
  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( GLOBAL_bless :at_end );

  # Track a block of code, warning on leaks
  leakguard {
      # your potentially leaky code here
  };

  # Track a block of code, die on leaks
  leakguard {
      # your potentially leaky code here
  }
  on_leak => 'die';

DESCRIPTION

This module provides tracking of objects, for the purpose of detecting memory leaks due to circular references or innappropriate caching schemes.

It is derived from, and backwards compatible with Adam Kennedy's Devel::Leak::Object. Any errors are mine.

It works by overridding bless and adding a synthetic DESTROY method to any tracked classes so that it can maintain a count of blessed objects per-class.

Object tracking can be enabled:

• for an individual object

• for a block of code

• globally

Tracking an individual object

Track individual objects like this:

  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( track );

  # Later...
  track( my $obj = new Foo );

Tracking object leaks in a block of code

To detect any object leaks in a block of code:

  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( leakguard );

  leakguard {
      # your code here.
  };

Tracking global object leaks

  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( GLOBAL_bless );

Finding out what leaked

If you use leakguard (recommended) then by default a warning is thrown when leaks are detected. You can customise this behaviour by passing options to leakguard; see the documentation for "leakguard" for more information.

If you use GLOBAL_bless or track then you can also specify the :at_end option

  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( GLOBAL_bless :at_end );

in which case a summary of leaks will be displayed at program exit.

Load early!

Devel::LeakGuard::Object can only track allocations of objects compiled after it is loaded - so load it as early as possible.

What is a leak?

This module counts the number of blessed instances of each tracked class. When we talk about a 'leak' what we really mean here is an imbalance in the number of allocated objects across some boundary. Using this definition we see a leak even in the case of expected imbalances.

When interpreting the results you need to remember that it may be quite legitimate for certain allocations to live beyond the scope of the code under test.

You can use the various options that leakguard supports to filter out such legitimate allocations that live beyond the life of the block being checked.

Performance

As soon as Devel::LeakGuard::Object is loaded bless is overloaded. That means that bless gets a little slower everywhere. When not actually tracking the overloaded bless is quite fast - but still around four times slower than the built-in bless.

Bear in mind that bless is fast and unless your program is doing a huge amount of blessing you're unlikely to notice a difference. On my machine core bless takes around 0.5 μS and loading Devel::LeakGuard::Object slows that down to around 2 μS.

INTERFACE

leakguard

Run a block of code tracking object creation and destruction and report any leaks at block exit.

At its simplest leakguard runs a block of code and warns if leaks are found:

  leakguard {
      my $foo = Foo->new;
      $foo->{me} = $foo; # leak
  };

  # Displays this warning:
  Object leaks found:
    Class Before  After  Delta
    Foo        3      4      1
  Detected at foo.pl line 23

If you really don't want to leak you can die instead of warning:

  leakguard {
      my $foo = Foo->new;
      $foo->{me} = $foo; # leak
  }
  on_leak => 'die';

If you need to do something more complex you can pass a coderef to the on_leak option:

  leakguard {
      my $foo = Foo->new;
      $foo->{me} = $foo; # leak
      my $bar = Bar->new;
      $bar->{me} = $bar; # leak again
  }
  on_leak => sub {
      my $report = shift;
      for my $pkg ( sort keys %$report ) {
        printf "%s %d %d\n", $pkg, @{ $report->{$pkg} };
      }
      # do something
  };

In the event of a leak the sub will be called with a reference to a hash. The keys of the hash are the names of classes that have leaked; the values are refs to two-element arrays containing the bless count for that class before and after the block so the example above would print:

  Foo 0 1
  Bar 0 1

Options

Other options are supported. Here's the full list:

on_leak

What to do if a leak is detected. May be 'warn' (the default), 'die', 'ignore' or a code reference. If on_leak is set to 'ignore' no leak tracking will be performed.

only

If you need to concentrate on a subset of classes use only to limit leak tracking to a subset of classes:

  leakguard {
      # do stuff
  }
  only => 'My::Stuff::*';

The pattern to match can be a string (with '*' as a shell-style wildcard), a Regexp, a coderef or a reference to an array of any of the above. This (improbable) example illustrates all of these:

  leakguard {
      # do stuff
  }
  only => [
      'My::Stuff::*',
      qr{Leaky},
      sub { length $_ > 20 }
  ];

That would track classes beginning with 'My::Stuff::', containing 'Leaky' or whose length is greater than 20 characters.

exclude

To track all classes apart from a few exceptions use exclude. The exclude spec is like an only spec but classes that match will be excluded from tracking.

expect

Sometimes a certain amount of 'leakage' is acceptable. Imagine, for example, an application that maintains a single cached database connection in a class called My::DB. The connection is created on demand and deleted after it has been used 100 times - to be created again next time it's needed.

We could use exclude to ignore this class - but then we'd miss the case where something goes wrong and we create 5 connections at a time.

Using exclude we can specify that no more than one My::DB should be created or destroyed:

  leakguard {
      # do stuff
  }
  expect => {
      'My::DB' => [ -1, 1 ]
  };

leakstate

Get the current allocation counts for all tracked objects. If GLOBAL_bless is in force this will include all blessed objects. If you are using the finer-grained tracking tools ("track" and "leakguard") then only allocations that they cover will be included.

Returns a reference to a hash with package names as keys and allocation counts as values.

track

Track an individual object. Tracking an object increases the allocation count for its package by one. When the object is destroyed the allocation count is decreased by one. Current allocation counts may be retrieved using "leakstate".

If the object is reblessed into a different package the count for the new package will be incremented and the count for the old package decremented.

status

Print out a Devel::Leak::Object style summary of current object allocations. If you

  use Devel::LeakGuard::Object qw( GLOBAL_bless :at_end );

then status will be called at program exit to dump a summary of outstanding allocations.

DEPENDENCIES

List::Util, Scalar::Util, Test::Differences, Test::More

SEE ALSO

Devel::Leak::Object

INCOMPATIBILITIES

None reported.

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

Please report any bugs or feature requests via https://github.com/AndyA/Devel--LeakGuard--Object/issues.

AUTHOR

Andy Armstrong <andy@hexten.net>

Based on code taken from Adam Kennedy's Devel::Leak::Object which carries this copyright notice:

  Copyright 2007 Adam Kennedy.

  Rewritten from original copyright 2004 Ivor Williams.

  Some documentation also copyright 2004 Ivor Williams.

LICENCE AND COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2009-2015, Andy Armstrong <andy@hexten.net>.

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. See perlartistic.

cpanm Devel::LeakGuard::Object

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install Devel::LeakGuard::Object